Cell phone location data shows that in counties where activity declined at workplaces and increased at home, coronavirus infection rates were lower

PHILADELPHIA — New research shows that counties with a greater decline in workplace cell phone activity during stay-at-home orders showed a lower rate of COVID-19 infections. The researchers believe patterns they saw in publicly available cell phone location data could be used to better estimate COVID-19 growth rates and inform decision-making when it comes to shutdowns and “reopenings.” This research was published today in JAMA Internal Medicine.

“It is our hope that counties might be able to incorporate these publicly available cell phone data to help guide policies regarding re-opening throughout different stages of the pandemic,” said the study’s senior author, Joshua Baker, MD, MSCE,an assistant professor of Medicine and Epidemiology. “Further, this analysis supports the incorporation of anonymized cell phone location data into modeling strategies to predict at-risk counties across the U.S. before outbreaks become too great.”

Baker and the other researchers, including the study’s lead author Shiv T. Sehra, MD, an assistant professor of Medicine at the Harvard Medical School, used location data from cell phones – which were de-identified and made publicly available by Google – to analyze activity across up to 2,740 counties in the United States between early January and early May 2020. This data was broken up into locations where the activity took place, ranging from workplaces, to homes, retail stores, grocery stores, parks, and transit stations. Roughly between 22,000 and 84,000 points of data were analyzed for each day in the study period.

The idea was to compare where cell phone activity took place as a proxy to show where people, themselves, spent their time. This data was compared between two time periods: the first in January and February, before COVID-19’s outbreak in the United States, then mid-February through early May, during the virus’ initial surges and when stay-at-home orders were enacted.

Intuitively, they noted an increase in time spent at home, while visits to the workplace dropped significantly, along with a decline in visits to retail locations (such as stores and restaurants) and transit stations. 

They saw that in counties where there was initially a higher density of cases, visits to workplaces, as well as retail locations and transit stations, fell more sharply than counties less affected by COVID-19. At the same time, in these counties, there was a more prominent spike in activity at homes.

In addition, the researchers saw that the counties where workplace activity fell the most had the lowest rates of new COVID-19 cases in the days that followed. Lag-times of 5, 10 and 15 days were observed to allow time for COVID-19’s incubation period, but the lower infection rates held across the range. 

Moving forward, Baker hopes more work can be done to vet cell phone data to see if they can be specifically used to predict COVID-19 hotspots and guide decision-making.

“It will be important to confirm that cell phone data is useful in other stages of the pandemic beyond initial containment,” Baker said. “For example, is monitoring these data helpful during the reopening phases of the pandemic, or during an outbreak?”

Past its immediate importance for COVID-19, Baker sees future utility for this type of data.

“They do have the potential to help us better understand behavioral patterns which could help future investigators predict the course of future epidemics or perhaps monitor the impact of different public health measures on peoples' behaviors,” he said.

This research was funded partly by a Veterans Affairs Clinical Science Research & Development Merit Award (I01 CX001703).

Michael George, MD, Douglas Wiebe, PhD, and Shelby Fundin, all of Penn, were co-authors on this study.